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7c0e804f-4e50-4c4b-a7da-9eb4dc71fb02 < All op-eds US Senate Resolution on Arunachal Pradesh: A Goodwill Gesture or an Ice Breaker? Cyriac S Pampackal Days before the New Delhi visit of the US Congressional Delegation led by the Majority House Leader Chuck Schumer, the US Senate passed a resolution on Arunachal Pradesh in favour of India and condemning the actions of the People's Republic of China (PRC) along the Line of Actual Control (LAC). This bipartisan resolution was introduced by Democratic Senator Jeff Merkley from Oregon and Republican Senator Bill Hagerty , clearly indicating the interests of the US Department of State. This resolution is one of the iconic moments in Indo-US relations under the present US administration. Through this resolution, the US Senate extends its unwavering support to India in its efforts to protect its sovereignty across the Himalayas. A closer examination of the resolution, however, reveals that it is not merely a goodwill gesture to India, but rather a concerted effort to knit India closer to US foreign policy efforts. Senate Resolution 75: An Overview The 75 th Resolution in the 1 st session of the 118 th Congress starts by reaffirming Arunachal Pradesh as an Indian territory and condemning provocations made by the PRC. The resolution's condemnation of Chinese provocations includes opposition to the PRC Ministry of Civil Affairs' cartographic efforts to declare Arunachal Pradesh as Chinese territory, as well as the ensuing skirmishes along the LAC in recent years. Furthermore, the US Senate extends its support to the Kingdom of Bhutan against the growing Chinese incursions in the eastern sector. In addition to that, the US Senate acknowledges the importance of Arunachal Pradesh to the Buddhist community and condemns the action of the PRC in raising diplomatic red flags on the incumbent Dalai Lama’s visit to Arunachal Pradesh. The resolution also accuses the PRC of impeding poverty-alleviation efforts and sabotaging collaboration with international donors by scripting the perception of disputed territory about Arunachal Pradesh. Later in the resolution, India is praised for its development efforts in Arunachal Pradesh, as well as its promising role in the international arena, particularly through its G20 presidency. Evidently, the first half of the resolution is full of irk factors for PRC and is in support of Indian efforts against Chinese aggression. The second half of the 6-page resolution unfolds into a more constructive tool as it invokes the US vision of cooperating with India. It explicitly states the US interest to work with India through a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership bilaterally and to cooperate multilaterally through platforms like QUAD, I2U2 etc. The resolution also applauds India's efforts to defend itself against Chinese aggression, as well as its cooperation with Taiwan in many sectors, which shares similar Chinese aggression in its neighbourhood. Then the resolution extends its support to a free and open Indo-Pacific and commends India’s military modernization and "its diversification away from countries that fail to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of other nations," clearly indicating the decreasing dependence of India on Russia . The resolution then assures its commitment to dedicating economic and diplomatic support to India in the development of Arunachal Pradesh. Furthermore, the resolution concludes by looking into potential avenues for defence cooperation, specifically " through defence interoperability and information sharing." What’s in it for India? While this resolution serves many US interests in its foreign engagements in the Indo-Pacific, it is also relevant for India, as it may serve as an icebreaker for India and the Democratic-led US administration, which is on the wrong foot when it comes to the Himalayan territorial disputes . The focus of the meeting with the Indian leadership and the all-democratic congressional delegation mirrored the verticals of cooperation mentioned in the US Senate’s resolution. This resolution just ratified the United States’ position over Arunachal Pradesh, and it will be reiterated on all international platforms, especially in countering the cartographic measures taken by the PRC to mandarinize Arunachal Pradesh and its specifics on international platforms. This is arguably based on US interests in securing the Indo-Pacific and making India a key player in it. However, this resolution exhibits the demanding nature of US foreign policy by indirectly trying to coerce India’s choices in military purchases and its position in the international realm. Another notable drawback of the resolution is that the options for the military support mentioned in it are limited and will be inadequate for succouring India. Even so, this resolution provides a great advantage for India diplomatically and strategically, it assures the US support at least on international platforms. Moreover, most nodes of possible cooperation between India and the US that are mentioned in the bill are focused on the Indo-Pacific, especially when it comes to countering Chinese aggression. This makes Resolution 75 a potential icebreaker for the process of securitizing the Indo-Pacific, with the US and India as partnering stakeholders. 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< Back Dr Shreya Upadhyay Shreya Upadhyay is the Deputy Director(Hon.) Kalinga Institute of Indo-Pacific Studies. She has formerly worked as a Researcher at the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore, and the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, New Delhi, focusing on subjects including food and water security, climate change-induced human displacement, India’s foreign policy, and South Asian geopolitics. She holds a PhD in US Area Studies from the School of International Studies (SIS), Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. She has also been a Consultant at the International Labour Organisation, and a Fullbright Nehru Scholar, serving as an Adjunct Faculty at the American University, Washington D.C. Publications Indo-Pacific and the Era of Minilateralism: https://thegeopolitics.com/indo-pacific-and-the-era-of-minilateralism/ With 370 gone, witll Kashmir prosper now? https://thegeopolitics.com/with-370-gone-will-kashmir-prosper-now/ The opportunities and risks of taking education online: https://www.policyforum.net/the-opportunities-and-risks-of-taking-education-online/

< Back Ms Simran Walia Simran Walia is a Research Associate at the Centre for Air Power Studies and has pursued M.Phil in Japanese Studies under the Centre of East Asian Studies from Jawaharlal Nehru University. Her research interests include Japanese politics and foreign policy, Indo-Pacific and East Asian foreign policy too. She has published articles and papers in Magazines and Journals like, 'The diplomat', Indian Defence Review and elsewhere. Publications

< Back Ms Ratih Indraswari Ms. Ratih Indraswari is a faculty at the Parahyangan Catholic University(UNPAR), in Bandung and currently a doctoral candidate at Ewha Womans University majoring in Political Science and International Relations under the HEAT (Higher Education ASEAN Talents) scholarship. Publications Strengthening the Technology-Culture Nexus Between ASEAN and South Korea. https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/strengthening-technology-culture-nexus between-asean-and-south-korea ASEAN will Remain Important to Korea Under New Leader https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2022/03/16/asean-will-remain-important to-korea-under-new-leader.html Opinion Edition Inside Indonesia on Learning Abroad in the Time of COVID-19 https://www.insideindonesia.org/learning-abroad-in-the-time-of-covid-19-3.

< Back Pooja Bhatt Dr Pooja Bhatt is the author of Nine-Dash Line: Deciphering the South China Sea Conundrum (Knowledge World 2020). Besides working extensively on maritime issues-particularly Indo-Pacific and the South China Sea, Pooja writes on issues related to defence, and Asian Security Architecture. Dr Bhatt's articles and interviews are frequently published in several acclaimed newspapers both in India and internationally. Previously, she taught as an Assistant Professor in the School of Defence and Strategic Studies at the Rashtriya Raksha University, Gandhinagar. Prior to that, she worked at the Centre for Air Power Studies and the Indian Council of World Affairs. Dr Pooja Bhatt received her doctoral degree from the School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi in 2021. She also holds a diploma in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS) from Yeosu Academy, Korea Maritime Institute. She was a UGC NET Senior Research Fellow in Defence and Strategic Studies. Publications

< Back RIVA GANGULY DAS Editor-Foreign Policy Ambassador Das joined the Indian Foreign Service in 1986. She has served as High Commissioner to Bangladesh and Ambassador to Romania, Albania and Moldova and has served as Consul General in Shanghai and New York. She has also done postings in Spain and The Netherlands and has served in various capacities at Headquarters dealing with Nepal, Public Diplomacy, Passport & Consular, and United Nations. She has also served as the Director at the United Nations Economic and Social Affairs Division and participated in environmental negotiations, particularly climate change. She was also the Alternate Permanent Representative of India to the Organization for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons at The Hague. She has also served as Director General, Indian Council for Cultural Relations. Before her retirement she was Secretary (East) in the Ministry of External Affairs. rivagangulydas@gmail.com 123-456-7890

< Back Mr Saneet Chakradeo I am a Masters in International Affairs graduate from the LKY School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore. I have multiple years of experience working as a foreign policy analyst and an archival researcher in Delhi on multiple projects focused on historical Indian IR and strategy. I recently completed a stint as a research analyst in the foreign policy team at Brookings India (CSEP). There, I mainly worked on the Sambandh regional connectivity initiative, which focuses on India's connectivity in South Asia. Under the same, I solo authored a Brookings report on India's humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, and published opinion pieces in the Hindustan Times, South Asian Voices, and East Asia Forum. I have assisted faculty at Kings College London, NTU Singapore, National University of Singapore, and Boston University, with archival research, documentation, and interviews as part of research projects. Publications

< Back Dr Lina Gong Lina Gong is a Research Fellow with the Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief Programme at the Centre for Non-Traditional Security Studies, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University (NTU). She also received her PhD from NTU, in 2017. Her research interests are in non-traditional security studies in East Asia, humanitarian affairs, China’s foreign policy, and global governance. She has published several book chapters and articles on non-traditional security issues in Asia as well as on China’s foreign policy, in journals such as the Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, China Review, and the Fudan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. Publications HADR as a Diplomatic Tool in Southeast Asia-China Relations amid Changing Security Dynamics: https://www.asiawereview.com/southeast-asia/hadr-as-a-diplomatic-tool-in-southeast-asia-china-relations-amid-changing-security-dynamics/ Financing ASEAN Disaster Management and Resilience: https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2021/11/04/financing-asean-disaster-management-and-resilience/ The Rise of China and India’s Remote Humanitarian Aid: https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2021/07/29/the-rise-of-china-and-indias-remote-humanitarian-aid/

< Back Ms Yatharth Kachiar Dr Yatharth Kachiar is an Assistant Professor at Manipal Centre for European Studies. She teaches courses on Research Methodology, Theories of International Relations, Democracy, Human Rights and rule of law in EU. Dr. Yatharth is also the Coordinator for Research Committee at the department. She holds a MA in International Relations (JNU), and an M.Phil and Ph.D. from School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Her area of academic interests include EU's foreign policy, EU in Middle East, and India-EU relations. Publications

< Back CAPT. SARABJEET S PARMAR Editor-Indo-Pacific Capt. Parmar was commissioned into the Indian Navy on 01 July 1987 and retired on 30 June 2023. He has been a Research Fellow at the Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses and worked in the Indian Navy’s strategic apex level offices where, as Director Strategy was part of the core team published the Indian Navy’s unclassified maritime security strategy document titled Ensuring Secure Seas: Indian Maritime Security Strategy in 2015, carried out regional maritime assessments and completed the doctrine development plan. He was the Executive Director and Senior Fellow at the National Maritime Foundation prior retirement. He has written and spoken extensively on maritime security and strategy issues at various national and international conferences and his main areas of research include national and maritime strategy and security-related aspects in the Indo-Pacific. ssparmar@csdronline.com 123-456-7890

< Back Ms Phantitra Ariel Phuphaphantakarn Phantitra Phuphaphantakarn, also known as Ariel Karn, is an OSCE-UNODA Arms Control Scholarship training alumni. She is also a research fellow at Center for Security Analyses and Prevention (based in Prague) specializing in arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation affairs and the Indo-Pacifc security. Phantitra's research interests rest on the area of the Third Nuclear Age and arms control, especially on the Indo-Pacific front. Phantitra is also running an armament and disarmament studies research team at The New Global Order (based in Rome). She is also a member of the EU Non-proliferation and Disarmament Consortium, World Institute for Nuclear Security along with various Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) representative-related exclusive scholar networks. Publications

Capt Sarabjeet S Parmar was commissioned into the Indian Navy on 01 July 1987 and retired on 30 June 2023. He has been a Research Fellow at the Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses and worked in the Indian Navy’s strategic apex level offices. He has written and spoken extensively on maritime security and strategy issues at various national and international conferences and his main areas of research include national and maritime strategy and security related aspects in the Indo-Pacific, piracy, HADR, and international maritime law with a focus on lawfare. < Back Capt. Sarabjeet S Parmar Capt Sarabjeet S Parmar was commissioned into the Indian Navy on 01 July 1987 and retired on 30 June 2023. He has commanded two ships and a frontline anti-submarine warfare and anti-shipping helicopter squadron. He was member of the XI Indian Antarctic Summer Expedition in 1991, attended the Management Defence Course Conducted by the British Government at Colombo in 2005, and represented the Indian Navy in the first international HOSTAC (helicopter operations from ships other than aircraft carriers) conference held at Norfolk, USA in 2008. He has been a Research Fellow at the Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses and worked in the Indian Navy’s strategic apex level offices where, as Director Strategy was part of the core team published the Indian Navy’s unclassified maritime security strategy document titled Ensuring Secure Seas: Indian Maritime Security Strategy in 2015, carried out regional maritime assessments and completed the doctrine development plan. He was the Executive Director and Senior Fellow at the National Maritime Foundation prior retirement. He has written and spoken extensively on maritime security and strategy issues at various national and international conferences and his main areas of research include national and maritime strategy and security related aspects in the Indo-Pacific, piracy, HADR, and international maritime law with a focus on lawfare. His writings can be accessed at https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Captain-Sarabjeet-Parmar and https://independent.academia.edu/sarabjeetparmar